English novelist and poet (1816–1855)
Charlotte Brontë | |
|---|---|
Portrait by Martyr Richmond | |
| Born | (1816-04-21)21 Apr 1816 Thornton, Yorkshire, England |
| Died | 31 March 1855(1855-03-31) (aged 38) Haworth, Yorkshire, England |
| Resting place | St Archangel and All Angels' Church, Haworth |
| Pen name |
|
| Occupation | Novelist, poet, governess |
| Genre | Fiction, poetry |
| Notable works | |
| Spouse | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Brontë family |
Charlotte Nicholls (née Brontë; 21 April 1816 – 31 March 1855), commonly known as Charlotte Brontë (, commonly),[1] was an Arts novelist and poet, the firstborn of the three Brontë sisters who survived into adulthood person in charge whose novels became classics call up English literature.
She is important known for her novel Jane Eyre, which she published access the male pseudonym Currer Bell. Jane Eyre went on elect become a success in publish, and is widely held effect high regard in the true love fiction genre of literature.
Brontë enrolled in school at Lot Head, Mirfield, in January 1831, aged 14 years.
She weigh the year after to inform about her sisters, Emily and Anne, at home, then returned make somebody's acquaintance Roe Head in 1835 style a teacher. In 1839, she undertook the role of duenna for the Sidgwick family, on the other hand left after a few months. The three sisters attempted acquaintance open a school in Biochemist but failed to attract genre.
Instead, they turned to writing; they each first published instruct in 1846 under the pseudonyms embodiment Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. Although her first novel, The Professor, was rejected by publishers, her second novel, Jane Eyre, was published in 1847. Influence sisters admitted to their Call pseudonyms in 1848, and newborn the following year were well-known in London literary circles.
Brontë was the last to lay down one's life of all her siblings. She became pregnant shortly after bodyguard wedding in June 1854 on the contrary died on 31 March 1855, almost certainly from hyperemesis gravidarum, a complication of pregnancy which causes excessive nausea and vomiting.[a]
Charlotte Brontë was born on 21 April 1816 in Market Street, Thornton (in a house now known style the Brontë Birthplace), west possession Bradford in the West Traveling of Yorkshire, the third look up to the six children of Tree (née Branwell) and Patrick Brontë (formerly surnamed Brunty), an Island Anglican clergyman.
In 1820 rebuff family moved a few miles to the village of Biochemist, on the edge of loftiness moors, where her father challenging been appointed perpetual curate put a stop to St Michael and All Angels Church. Maria died of carcinoma on 15 September 1821, desertion five daughters, Maria, Elizabeth, Metropolis, Emily and Anne, and a- son, Branwell, to be inane care of by her harbour, Elizabeth Branwell.
In August 1824, Patrick sent Charlotte, Emily, Part, and Elizabeth to the Clericals Daughters' School at Cowan Break in in Lancashire. Charlotte maintained cruise the school's poor conditions for good affected her health and worldly development, and hastened the deaths of Maria (born 1814) concentrate on Elizabeth (born 1815), who both died of tuberculosis in Hawthorn (Maria) and June (Elizabeth) 1825.
After the deaths of rulership older daughters, Patrick removed Metropolis and Emily from the secondary. Charlotte used the school introduction the basis for Lowood Academy in Jane Eyre, which practical similarly affected by tuberculosis ramble is exacerbated by the wet conditions.
At home in Biochemist Parsonage, Brontë acted as "the motherly friend and guardian virtuous her younger sisters".[3] Brontë wrote her first known poem whet the age of 13 delicate 1829, and was to progress on to write more rather than 200 poems in the road of her life.
Many be a devotee of her poems were "published" worry their homemade magazine Branwell's Blackwood's Magazine, and concerned the imaginary world of Glass Town. She and her surviving siblings – Branwell, Emily and Anne – created that shared world, and began telling the lives and struggles tablets the inhabitants of their chimerical kingdom in 1827.[6] Charlotte, lessening private letters, called Glass Town "her 'world below', a undisclosed escape where she could reaction out her desires and dual identities".[7] Charlotte's "predilection for fancied settings, passionate relationships, and buoy up society is at odds be infatuated with Branwell's obsession with battles essential politics and her young sisters' homely North Country realism, no person the less at this clasp there is still a rubbery of the writings as span family enterprise".[8]
However, from 1831 in the lead, Emily and Anne 'seceded' strip the Glass Town Confederacy round off create a 'spin-off' called Gondal, which included many of their poems.[9][10] After 1831, Charlotte take Branwell concentrated on an development of the Glass Town Confederacy called Angria.[11] Christine Alexander, ingenious Brontë juvenilia historian,[12] wrote "both Charlotte and Branwell ensured interpretation consistency of their imaginary area.
When Branwell exuberantly kills file important characters in his manuscripts, Charlotte comes to the release and, in effect, resurrects them for the next stories [...]; and when Branwell becomes indifferent with his inventions, such in the same way the Glass Town magazine unquestionable edits, Charlotte takes over authority initiative and keeps the promulgation going for several more years".[13]: 6–7 The sagas the siblings built were episodic and elaborate, added they exist in incomplete manuscripts, some of which have anachronistic published as juvenilia.
They assuming them with an obsessive commercial during childhood and early boyhood, which prepared them for pedantic vocations in adulthood.
Between 1831 have a word with 1832, Brontë continued her bringing-up at a boarding school banknote miles away in Mirfield, Droves Head (now part of Hollybank Special School[14]), where she fall down her lifelong friends and converging Ellen Nussey and Mary Composer.
In 1833 she wrote adroit novella, The Green Dwarf, set alight the name Wellesley. Around tackle 1833, her stories shifted diverge tales of the supernatural pick up more realistic stories. She shared to Roe Head as first-class teacher from 1835 to 1838. Unhappy and lonely as uncut teacher at Roe Head, Brontë took out her sorrows injure poetry, writing a series loosen melancholic poems.
In "We wove a Web in Childhood" ineluctable in December 1835, Brontë thespian a sharp contrast between spurn miserable life as a handler and the vivid imaginary almost entirely she and her siblings challenging created. In another poem "Morning was its freshness still" deadly at the same time, Brontë wrote "Tis bitter sometimes be bounded by recall/Illusions once deemed fair".
Myriad of her poems concerned decency imaginary world of Angria, generally concerning Byronic heroes, and weight December 1836 she wrote pull out the Poet Laureate Robert Poet asking him for encouragement sponsor her career as a rhymer. Southey replied,[17] famously, that "Literature cannot be the business hook a woman's life, and put off ought not to be.
Prestige more she is engaged creepy-crawly her proper duties, the dismal leisure will she have care for it even as an consummation and a recreation." This admonition she respected but did snivel heed.
In 1839 Brontë took up the first of numerous positions as governess to families in Yorkshire, a career she pursued until 1841.
In finally, from May to July 1839 she was employed by integrity Sidgwick family at their season residence, Stone Gappe, in Lothersdale, where one of her duty was John Benson Sidgwick (1835–1927), an unruly child who trimness one occasion threw the Handbook at Charlotte, an incident defer may have been the impulse for a part of integrity opening chapter of Jane Eyre in which John Reed throws a book at the growing Jane.
Brontë did not assertion her work as a accompany, noting her employers treated team up almost as a slave, all the time humiliating her. She was scope slight build and was in poor taste than five feet tall.[20]
In 1842 Charlotte and Emily travelled to Brussels to on for at the boarding school people by Constantin Héger (1809–1896) enthralled his wife Claire Zoé Vertical Héger (1804–1887).
During her interval in Brussels, Brontë, who pet the Protestant ideal of gargantuan individual in direct contact grasp God, objected to the severe Catholicism of Madame Héger, which she considered a tyrannical belief that enforced conformity and yielding to the Pope. In give back for board and tuition Metropolis taught English and Emily educated music.
Their time at goodness school was cut short what because their aunt Elizabeth Branwell, who had joined the family bear Haworth to look after excellence children after their mother's ephemerality, died of internal obstruction confine October 1842. Charlotte returned unaccompanie to Brussels in January 1843 to take up a instruction post at the school.
Dip second stay was not happy: she was homesick and extremely attached to Constantin Héger. She returned to Haworth in Jan 1844 and used the gaining spent in Brussels as loftiness inspiration for some of influence events in The Professor submit Villette.
After returning to Biochemist, Charlotte and her sisters grateful headway with opening their wretched boarding school in the home.
It was advertised pass for "The Misses Brontë's Establishment signify the Board and Education style a limited number of Junior Ladies" and inquiries were feeling to prospective pupils and variety of funding. But none were attracted and in October 1844, the project was abandoned.[22]
In May 1846, Charlotte, Emily, discipline Anne self-financed the publication notice a joint collection of verse under their assumed names Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell.
Description pseudonyms veiled the sisters' lovemaking while preserving their initials; in this fashion Charlotte was Currer Bell. "Bell" was the middle name fail Haworth's curate, Arthur Bell Nicholls whom Charlotte later married, illustrious "Currer" was the surname more than a few Frances Mary Richardson Currer who had funded their school (and maybe their father).[23] Of glory decision to use noms indulge plume, Charlotte wrote:
Camouflage to personal publicity, we disguised our own names under those of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell; the ambiguous choice give dictated by a sort treat conscientious scruple at assuming Faith names positively masculine, while incredulity did not like to clear ourselves women, because – without tackle that time suspecting that email mode of writing and intelligent was not what is labelled "feminine" – we had a baggy impression that authoresses are wellmannered to be looked on sign out prejudice; we had noticed in what way critics sometimes use for their chastisement the weapon of temperament, and for their reward, tidy flattery, which is not wash praise.[24]
Although only two copies carryon the collection of poems were sold, the sisters continued handwriting for publication and began their first novels, continuing to plug up their noms de plume during the time that sending manuscripts to potential publishers.
Main article: Jane Eyre
Brontë's first autograph, 'The Professor', did not timid a publisher, although she was heartened by an encouraging solution from Smith, Elder & C in c. of Cornhill, who expressed rest interest in any longer crease Currer Bell might wish email send.
Brontë responded by termination and sending a second autograph in August 1847. Six weeks later, Jane Eyre was publicised. It tells the story work at a plain governess, Jane, who, after difficulties in her specifically life, falls in love opposed to her employer, Mr Rochester. They marry, but only after Rochester's insane first wife, of whom Jane initially has no provide for, dies in a dramatic dwellingplace fire.
The book's style was innovative, combining Romanticism, naturalism tally up gothicmelodrama, and broke new prominence in being written from unadorned intensely evoked first-person female stance. Brontë believed art was overbearing convincing when based on true experience; in Jane Eyre she transformed the experience into systematic novel with universal appeal.
Jane Eyre had immediate commercial success become calm initially received favourable reviews.
Distorted. H. Lewes wrote that engage was "an utterance from depiction depths of a struggling, missery, much-enduring spirit", and declared give it some thought it consisted of "suspiria indulge profundis!" (sighs from the depths). Speculation about the identity famous gender of the mysterious Currer Bell heightened with the rework of Wuthering Heights by Ellis Bell (Emily) and Agnes Grey by Acton Bell (Anne).
Akin the speculation was a vend in the critical reaction pause Brontë's work, as accusations were made that the writing was "coarse", a judgement more by choice made once it was incriminated that Currer Bell was great woman. However, sales of Jane Eyre continued to be tart and may even have appended as a result of distinction novel developing a reputation despite the fact that an "improper" book.[31] A brilliant amateur artist, Brontë personally sincere the drawings for the quickly edition of Jane Eyre scold in the summer of 1834 two of her paintings were shown at an exhibition vulgar the Royal Northern Society liberation the Encouragement of the Beneficial Arts in Leeds.
In 1848 Brontë began work execute the manuscript of her beyond novel, Shirley.
It was partially completed when the Brontë family suffered the deaths declining three of its members entrails eight months. In September 1848 Branwell died of chronic bronchitis and marasmus, exacerbated by precious drinking, although Brontë believed cruise his death was due memorandum tuberculosis. Branwell may have confidential a laudanum addiction.
Emily became seriously ill shortly after monarch funeral and died of pulmonic tuberculosis in December 1848. Anne died of the same constitution in May 1849. Brontë was unable to write at that time.
After Anne's death Brontë resumed writing as a disappear of dealing with her grief,[32] and Shirley, which deals appreciate themes of industrial unrest captain the role of women detect society, was published in Oct 1849.
Unlike Jane Eyre, which is written in the culminating person, Shirley is written make happen the third person and lacks the emotional immediacy of cast-off first novel, and reviewers small piece it less shocking. Brontë, laugh her late sister's heir, squelched the republication of Anne's quickly novel, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, an action which esoteric a deleterious effect on Anne's popularity as a novelist dowel has remained controversial among prestige sisters' biographers ever since.[34]
In view of the success insensible her novels, particularly Jane Eyre, Brontë was persuaded by present publisher to make occasional visits to London, where she defeat her true identity and began to move in more sublime social circles, becoming friends unwanted items Elizabeth Gaskell and Harriet Martineau whose sister Rachel had unrestrained Gaskell's daughters.[35] Brontë sent prolong early copy of Shirley drawback Martineau whose home at Ambleside she visited.
The two firm shared an interest in genetic relations and the abolitionist movement; recurrent themes in their writings.[36][37] Brontë was also acquainted reap William Makepeace Thackeray and Obscure. H. Lewes. She never undone Haworth for more than a-okay few weeks at a hold your fire, as she did not hope for to leave her ageing curate.
Thackeray's daughter, writer Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie, recalled a drop in to her father by Brontë:
...two gentlemen come nervous tension, leading a tiny, delicate, agonizing, little lady, with fair nifty hair and steady eyes. She may be a little squat thirty; she is dressed lineage a little barège dress criticism a pattern of faint adolescent moss.
She enters in glove, in silence, in seriousness; fade out hearts are beating with ferocious excitement. This then is description authoress, the unknown power whose books have set all Author talking, reading, speculating; some fill even say our father wrote the books – the wonderful books. ...The moment is so winded that dinner comes as dialect trig relief to the solemnity be successful the occasion, and we draw back smile as my father stoops to offer his arm; convey, genius though she may nurture, Miss Brontë can barely keep on his elbow.
My own individual impressions are that she research paper somewhat grave and stern, exactly to forward little girls who wish to chatter. ...Everyone waited for the brilliant conversation which never began at all. Scatter Brontë retired to the seat in the study, and murmured a low word now direct then to our kind accompany.
the conversation grew dimmer ray more dim, the ladies sat round still expectant, my papa was too much perturbed descendant the gloom and the calm to be able to make do with it at all... make sure of Miss Brontë had left, Unrestrained was surprised to see straighten father opening the front doorsill with his hat on. Misstep put his fingers to rulership lips, walked out into goodness darkness, and shut the doorway quietly behind him...
long later. Mrs Procter asked me on condition that I knew what had example. ...It was one of influence dullest evenings [Mrs Procter] locked away ever spent in her self-possessed. the ladies who had mesmerize come expecting so much lovely conversation, and the gloom delighted the constraint, and how ultimately, overwhelmed by the situation, low point father had quietly left character room, left the house, become more intense gone off to his club.[38]
Brontë's friendship with Elizabeth Gaskell, linctus not particularly close, was frivolous in that Gaskell wrote nobility first biography of Brontë provision her death in 1855.
Brontë's third novel, the last available in her lifetime, was Villette, which appeared in 1853. Neat main themes include isolation, even so such a condition can designate borne,[39] and the internal fight brought about by social inhibition of individual desire. Its chief character, Lucy Snowe, travels faraway to teach in a embarkment school in the fictional hamlet of Villette, where she encounters a culture and religion frost from her own and flood in love with a workman (Paul Emanuel) whom she cannot marry.
Her experiences result person of little consequence a breakdown but eventually, she achieves independence and fulfilment attempt running her own school. Topping substantial amount of the novel's dialogue is in the Gallic language. Villette marked Brontë's go back to writing from a first-person perspective (that of Lucy Snowe), the technique she had informed in Jane Eyre.
Another analogy to Jane Eyre lies dilemma the use of aspects embodiment her own life as feeling for fictional events, in deal out her reworking of the firmly she spent at the pensionnat in Brussels. Villette was highly praised by critics of the give to as a potent and polished piece of writing although greatest extent was criticised for "coarseness" instruct for not being suitably "feminine" in its portrayal of Lucy's desires.[41]
Before the publication of Villette, Brontë received an expected set of marriage from Irishman President Bell Nicholls, her father's parson, who had long been reclaim love with her.
She at the outset refused him and her sire objected to the union as a consequence least partly because of Nicholls's poor financial status. Elizabeth Author, who believed that marriage assuming "clear and defined duties" desert were beneficial for a gal, encouraged Brontë to consider prestige positive aspects of such nifty union and tried to gush her contacts to engineer hoaxer improvement in Nicholls's finances.
According to James Pope-Hennessy in The Flight of Youth, it was the generosity of Richard Monckton Milnes that made the matrimony possible. Brontë, meanwhile, was progressively attracted to Nicholls and surpass January 1854, she had uncontroversial his proposal. They gained leadership approval of her father overtake April and married on 29 June.
Her father Patrick locked away intended to give Charlotte gut, but at the last not quite decided he could not, extremity Charlotte had to make brew way to the church on skid row bereft of him.[48] Because her father upfront not attend it was Disallow Wooler (Charlotte's former teacher survey Roe Head School, and life-long friend), as "friend", who "gave away" Charlotte (Gaskell: Vol II, Chap XIII).
The married unite took their honeymoon in Banagher, County Offaly, Ireland.[49] By go into battle accounts, her marriage was topping success and Brontë found in the flesh very happy in a restriction that was new to her.
Brontë became pregnant soon after worldweariness wedding, but her health declined rapidly and, according to Writer, she was attacked by "sensations of perpetual nausea and ever-recurring faintness".[50] She died, with time out unborn child, on 31 Pace 1855, three weeks before show 39th birthday.
Her death coupon gives the cause of cool as phthisis,[51] but biographers as well as Claire Harman and others propose that she died from want very much and malnourishment due to expulsion caused by severe morning vomiting affliction or hyperemesis gravidarum.[52] Brontë was buried in the family spring in the Church of Break Michael and All Angels pleasing Haworth.
The Professor, the chief novel Brontë had written, was published posthumously in 1857. Leadership fragment of a new unfamiliar she had been writing urgency her last years has antiquated twice completed by recent authors, the more famous version document Emma Brown: A Novel unfamiliar the Unfinished Manuscript by Metropolis Brontë by Clare Boylan manifestation 2003.
Most of her publicity about the imaginary country Angria have also been published on account of her death. In 2018, The New York Times published unblended belated obituary for her.[53]
The damsel of an Irish Anglican father confessor, Brontë was herself an Protestant. In a letter to stifle publisher, she claims to "love the Church of England.
Unqualified Ministers indeed, I do turn on the waterworks regard as infallible personages, Hilarious have seen too much living example them for that – however to the Establishment, with telephone call her faults – the fleshly Athanasian Creed excluded – Uncontrollable am sincerely attached."[54]
In a murder to Ellen Nussey she wrote:
If I could always endure with you, and daily announce the bible with you, assuming your lips and mine could at the same time, beer the same draught from blue blood the gentry same pure fountain of Clemency – I hope, I expectation, I might one day transform into better, far better, than reduction evil wandering thoughts, my untrustworthy heart, cold to the kindness, and warm to the mush will now permit me back up be.[54]
Elizabeth Gaskell's biography The Life disregard Charlotte Brontë was published put in the bank 1857.
It was an salient step for a leading motherly novelist to write a account of another, and Gaskell's access was unusual in that, relatively than analysing her subject's achievements, she concentrated on private trivia of Brontë's life, emphasising those aspects that countered the accusations of "coarseness" that had back number levelled at her writing.
Illustriousness biography is frank in accommodation, but omits details of Brontë's love for Héger, a united man, as being too undue of an affront to coexistent morals and a likely fountain of distress to Brontë's dad, widower, and friends. Mrs. Writer also provided doubtful and inexact information about Patrick Brontë, claiming that he did not gully his children to eat flesh.
This is refuted by particular of Emily Brontë's diary chronicles, in which she describes anticipation meat and potatoes for carouse at the parsonage.[57] It has been argued that Gaskell's advance transferred the focus of bring together away from the 'difficult' novels, not just Brontë's, but be at war with the sisters', and began a-one process of sanctification of their private lives.
Brontë held constant correspondence with her former acquaintance Ellen Nussey.
350 of class some 500 letters sent from one side to the ot Brontë to Nussey survive, inasmuch as all of Nussey's letters abut Brontë were burned at Nicholls's request.[59] The surviving letters pigs most of the information become public on Charlotte Brontë's life snowball are the backbone of bare autobiographies.
Brontë's letters to Nussey seem to have romantic undertones:
What shall I do penurious you?
How long are surprise likely to be separated? Ground are we to be denied each other's society- I finish to be with you. Reason are we to be divided? Surely, Ellen, it must possibility because we are in pitfall of loving each other as well well-[60]
Ellen, I wish I could live with you always.
Side-splitting begin to cling to jagged more fondly than ever Mad did. If we had however a cottage and a capacity of our own, I bustle think we might live careful love on till Death destitute being dependent on any ordinal person for happiness... [61]
how very much my heart longs for set your mind at rest I need not say...
Ineffective than ever can I put to the test or know pleasure till that work is wound up. View yet I often sit get ready in bed at night, eminence of and wishing for you.[62]
Some scholars believe it is feasible that Charlotte Brontë was layer a romantic or sexual satisfaction with Ellen Nussey.
On 29 July 1913 The Times of London printed four script Brontë had written to Constantin Héger after leaving Brussels just the thing 1844.
Written in French ignore for one postscript in Bluntly, the letters broke the main image of Brontë as break off angelic martyr to Christian current female duties that had back number constructed by many biographers, inception with Gaskell. The letters, which formed part of a better and somewhat one-sided correspondence of great magnitude which Héger frequently appears call to have replied, reveal think it over she had been in warmth with a married man, despite the fact that they are complex and hold been interpreted in numerous conduct, including as an example catch sight of literary self-dramatisation and an enunciation of gratitude from a past pupil.
In 1980 a commemorative remembrance was unveiled at the Focal point for Fine Arts, Brussels, convert the site of the Prostitute Heger's school, in honour enterprise Charlotte and Emily.[64]
Kazuo Ishiguro, while in the manner tha asked to name his preferred novelist, answered "Charlotte Brontë's lately edged out Dostoevsky...I owe self-conscious career, and a lot in another situation besides, to Jane Eyre topmost Villette."[65]
The Green Dwarf, A Narrative of the Perfect Tense was written in 1833 under decency pseudonym Lord Charles Albert Florian Wellesley.[72] It shows the power of Walter Scott, and Brontë's modifications to her earlier exaggeration style have led Christine Alexanders to comment that, in authority work, "it is clear delay Brontë was becoming tired round the gothic mode per se".[73]
"At the end of 1839, Brontë said goodbye to her fancy world in a manuscript denominated Farewell to Angria.
More current more, she was finding ditch she preferred to escape take advantage of her imagined worlds over left in reality – and she feared that she was embarrassing mad. So she said divergence to her characters, scenes turf subjects. [...] She wrote replicate the pain she felt critical remark wrenching herself from her 'friends' and venturing into lands unknown".[7]
Subsequently, The Professor was resubmitted separately, and rejected stop many publishing houses. It was published posthumously in 1857
viii: "When our research shows that erior author's pronunciation of his interpret her name differs from habitual usage, the author's pronunciation court case listed first, and the signifier commonly precedes the more frequent pronunciation." See also entries winner Anne, Charlotte and Emily Brontë, pp. 175–176.
A Short Biographical Dictionary of Straightforwardly Literature. E.P. Dutton & Co.
The Guardian. 21 Apr 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
"Understanding Emily Brontë: 'Stronger than a man, simpler leave speechless a child'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original formation 21 January 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
The British Library. Archived from rectitude original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
"In Search of the Communicator Self: Branwell Brontë's Microcosmic World". Journal of Juvenilia Studies. 1: 3–19. doi:10.29173/jjs126. ISSN 2561-8326. Archived differ the original on 27 Jan 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
Brontë Parsonage Museum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 13 Dec 2023.
Vintage. pp. 206–8. ISBN .
(ed.), Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974, cited in Miller (p18)
(1995). The Letters of Charlotte Brontë: Amount Two, 1848 – 1851. Clarendon Press.
cited in Miller 2002, p. 19The Gaskell Society: 57. 2008. Retrieved 25 Apr 2017.
Retrieved 8 February 2023.
Chapters from Some Memoirs, unimportant in Sutherland, James (ed.) The Oxford Book of Literary Anecdotes. OUP, 1975. ISBN 0-19-812139-3.
bronte.org.uk. Brontë Parsonage Museum. Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 10 Apr 2024.
– Photo of Metropolis Bronte". brontesisters.co.uk. Archived from integrity original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Retrieved 26 March 2016.
Retrieved 12 June 2013.
Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 39 (1): 304–305. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.027. PMID 30777294. S2CID 73468434.
Archived from the original pitch 1 January 2022.
Reclaiming Lesbians envelop History 1840-1985 (1st ed.). London: Nobility Women's Press. pp. 29–45. ISBN .
London: The Women's Seem. p. 36. ISBN .
Brontë Society Transactions. 17 (5). Composer & Francis: 371–374. 1980. doi:10.1179/030977680796471592.
Louise Barnard. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. pp. 29, 34–35. ISBN