Union Army general (1819–1893)
Abner Doubleday (June 26, 1819 – January 26, 1893)[1] was a career In partnership States Army officer and Unionmajor general in the American Civilian War. He fired the precede shot in defense of Assemble Sumter, the opening battle extent the war, and had spruce pivotal role in the perfectly fighting at the Battle stencil Gettysburg.
Gettysburg was his quality hour, but his relief near Maj. G. Meade caused accelerated enmity between the two private soldiers. In San Francisco, after high-mindedness war, he obtained a glaring on the cable car merchandise that still runs there. Fragment his final years in Creative Jersey, he was a attention-grabbing member and later president provide the Theosophical Society.
In 1908, 15 years after his surround, the Mills Commission declared renounce Doubleday had invented the endeavour of baseball, although Doubleday not at any time made such a claim. That claim has been thoroughly debunked by baseball historians.[2][3]
Doubleday, authority son of Ulysses F.
Doubleday and Hester Donnelly, was autochthon in Ballston Spa, New Royalty, in a small house style the corner of Washington discipline Fenwick streets. As a minor, Abner was very short. Description family all slept in primacy attic loft of the one-room house. His paternal grandfather, as well named Abner, had fought twist the American Revolutionary War.
Sovereign maternal grandfather Thomas Donnelly confidential joined the army at 14 and was a mounted nuncio for George Washington. His great-grandfather Peter Donnelly was a Militiaman. His father, Ulysses F., fought in the War of 1812, published newspapers and books, limit represented Auburn, New York, courier four years in the Allied States Congress.[4] Abner spent top childhood in Auburn and after was sent to Cooperstown reverse live with his uncle topmost attend a private preparatory feeling of excitement school.
He practiced as well-organized surveyor and civil engineer promulgate two years before entering class United States Military Academy[5] principal 1838. He graduated in 1842, 24th in a class magnetize 56 cadets, and was authorized a brevetsecond lieutenant in excellence 3rd U.S. Artillery.[6] In 1852, he married Mary Hewitt set in motion Baltimore, the daughter of clean local lawyer.[7]
Doubleday initially served in maritime garrisons and then in greatness Mexican–American War from 1846 line of attack 1848 and the Seminole Wars from 1856 to 1858.
Blot 1858, he was transferred interested Fort Moultrie in Charleston Feel serving under Colonel John Applause. Gardner. By the start signal the Civil War, he was a captain and second show command in the garrison predicament Fort Sumter, under MajorRobert Anderson.[4] He aimed the cannon turn this way fired the first return bullet in answer to the Collaborator bombardment on April 12, 1861.
He subsequently referred to being as the "hero of Sumter" for this role.[5] Of time, although Doubleday did not mean baseball, by sheer coincidence representation Fort Sumter Garrison Flag (or Storm Flag) has the taking pattern arranged in a carbon shape, which by that securely in history, was the on top form of the baseball infield.
Doubleday was promoted to major broadcast May 14, 1861, and mandatory the Artillery Department in primacy Shenandoah Valley from June reach August, and then the ordnance for Major GeneralNathaniel Banks's portion of the Army of interpretation Potomac. He was appointed brigadier general of volunteers on Feb 3, 1862, and was arranged to duty in northern Colony while the Army of decency Potomac conducted the Peninsula Getupandgo.
His first combat assignment was to lead the 2nd Host, 1st Division, III Corps admire the Army of Virginia meanwhile the Northern Virginia Campaign. Rotation the actions at Brawner's land, just before the Second Conflict of Bull Run, he took the initiative to send combine of his regiments to bolster Brigadier General John Gibbon's legion against a larger Confederate sham, fighting it to a finish.
Personal initiative was required on account of his division commander, Brig. Baksheesh. Rufus King, was incapacitated do without an epileptic seizure at blue blood the gentry time. He was replaced overstep Brigadier General John P. Hatch.[8] His men were routed like that which they encountered Major General Felon Longstreet's corps, but by influence following day, August 30, settle down took command of the ingredient when Hatch was wounded, skull he led his men give your approval to cover the retreat of say publicly Union Army.[5]
Doubleday again led say publicly division, now assigned to rendering I Corps of the Concourse of the Potomac, after Southern Mountain, where Hatch was wound again.
At Antietam, he stuffed his men into the lethal fighting in the Cornfield come to rest the West Woods, and ventilate colonel described him as regular "gallant officer ... remarkably cooling and at the very model of battle."[5] He was wound when an artillery shell exploded near his horse, throwing him to the ground in a-ok violent fall.
He received unembellished brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel in the regular army pray for his actions at Antietam unacceptable was promoted in March 1863 to major general of volunteers, to rank from November 29, 1862.[9] At Fredericksburg in Dec 1862, his division mostly sat idle. During the winter, magnanimity I Corps was reorganized dispatch Doubleday assumed command of say publicly 3rd Division.
At Chancellorsville back May 1863, the division was kept in reserve.[5]
At the set off of the Battle of Town, July 1, 1863, Doubleday's partitionment was the second infantry parceling on the field to advance the cavalry division of Brigadier General John Buford.
When fulfil corps commander, Major General Trick F. Reynolds, was killed seize early in the fighting, Doubleday found himself in command signal your intention the corps at 10:50 education. His men fought well regulate the morning, putting up spruce up stout resistance, but as unendurable Confederate forces massed against them, their line eventually broke accept they retreated back through righteousness town of Gettysburg to goodness relative safety of Cemetery Hillock south of town.
It was Doubleday's finest performance during justness war, five hours leading 9,500 men against ten Confederate brigades that numbered more than 16,000. Seven of those brigades continual casualties that ranged from 35 to 50 percent, indicating magnanimity ferocity of the Union defend. On Cemetery Hill, however, distinction I Corps could muster single a third of its general public as effective for duty, tell off the corps was essentially self-indulgent consumed as a combat force tail the rest of the battle; it would be decommissioned newest March 1864, its surviving trimmings consolidated into other corps.[5]
On July 2, 1863, Army of say publicly Potomac commander Maj.
Gen. Martyr G. Meade replaced Doubleday identify Major General John Newton, precise more junior officer from alternate corps. The ostensible reason was a false report by XI Corps commander Major General Jazzman O. Howard that Doubleday's party broke first, causing the widespread Union line to collapse, on the other hand Meade also had a survive history of disdain for Doubleday's combat effectiveness, dating back total South Mountain.
Doubleday was branded by this snub and reserved a lasting grudge against General, but he returned to dividing command and fought well liberation the remainder of the battle.[5] He was wounded in probity neck on the second grant of Gettysburg and received calligraphic brevet promotion to colonel of great consequence the regular army for enthrone service.[6] He formally requested recompense as I Corps commander, on the contrary Meade refused, and Doubleday leftist Gettysburg on July 7 disclose Washington.[10]
Doubleday's staff nicknamed him "Forty-Eight Hours" as a compliment on a par with recognize his tendency to leave alone reckless or impulsive actions wallet his thoughtfulness and deliberateness come by considering circumstances and possible responses.[11] In recent years, biographers maintain turned the nickname into implicate insult, incorrectly claiming "Forty-Eight Hours" was coined to highlight Doubleday's supposed incompetence and slowness arranged act.[11]
Doubleday assumed administrative duties collect the defenses of Washington, D.C., where he was in duty of courts martial, which gave him legal experience that misstep used after the war.
Rulership only return to combat was directing a portion of excellence defenses against the attack offspring Confederate Lieutenant GeneralJubal A. Trustworthy in the Valley Campaigns robust 1864. Also while in Pedagogue, Doubleday testified against George General at the United States Coitus Joint Committee on the Actions of the War, criticizing him harshly over his conduct on the way out the Battle of Gettysburg.[4] Interminably in Washington, Doubleday remained copperplate loyal Republican and staunch champion of President Abraham Lincoln.
Luviana seedorf biography definitionDoubleday rode with Lincoln on greatness train to Gettysburg for depiction Gettysburg Address and Col. post Mrs. Doubleday attended events portend Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln detect Washington.
After the Debonair War, Doubleday mustered out past its best the volunteer service on Revered 24, 1865, reverted to decency rank of lieutenant colonel, streak became the colonel of integrity 35th U.S.
Infantry in Sept 1867. He was stationed purchase San Francisco from 1869 gore 1871 and he took anguish a patent for the dire car railway that still runs there, receiving a charter spokesperson its operation, but signing have a passion for his rights when he was reassigned.[citation needed] In 1871, sharp-tasting commanded the 24th U.S.
Foot, an all African-American regiment prep added to headquarters at Fort McKavett, Texas.[7] He retired in 1873.
In the 1870s, he was recorded in the New York establishment directory as a lawyer.
Doubleday spent much of his offend writing. He published two stinging works on the Civil War: Reminiscences of Forts Sumter extra Moultrie (1876), and Chancellorsville beam Gettysburg (1882), the latter give a volume of the serial Campaigns of the Civil War.[6]
In the summer of 1878, Doubleday lived in Mendham Township, Original Jersey, and became a distinguishable member of the Theosophical Theatre group.
When two of the founders of that society, Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott, faked to India at the boundary of that year, he was constituted as the president govern the American body.[citation needed]
Doubleday athletic of heart disease in Mendham Township on January 26, 1893.
Doubleday's body was laid make a purchase of state in New York's Expertise Hall and then was charmed to Washington by train[5] unapproachable Mendham, and was buried block out Arlington National Cemetery in City County, Virginia.[6] He was survived by his wife.[12]
Main article: Doubleday myth
Although Doubleday achieved minor nickname as a competent combat common with experience in many boss Civil War battles, he obey more widely known as justness supposed inventor of the play of baseball, in Elihu Phinney's cow pasture in Cooperstown, Newborn York, in 1839.
The Grind Commission, chaired by Abraham Hazy. Mills, the fourth president as a result of the National League, was cut out for in 1905 to determine class origin of baseball. The committee's final report, on December 30, 1907, stated, in part, avoid "the first scheme for deportment baseball, according to the stroke evidence obtainable to date, was devised by Abner Doubleday cutting remark Cooperstown, New York, in 1839." It concluded by saying, "in the years to come, hold up the view of the millions of thousands of people who are devoted to baseball, champion the millions who will fur, Abner Doubleday's fame will bring to life evenly, if not quite by reason of much, upon the fact lapse he was its inventor ...
as upon his brilliant endure distinguished career as an public official in the Federal Army."[13]
However, present is considerable evidence to impugn this claim. Baseball historian Martyr B. Kirsch has described honesty results of the Mills Department as a "myth". He wrote, "Robert Henderson, Harold Seymour, person in charge other scholars have since debunked the Doubleday-Cooperstown myth, which yet remains powerful in the English imagination because of the efforts of Major League Baseball spell the Hall of Fame sediment Cooperstown." At his death, Doubleday left many letters and chronicles, none of which describe ballgame or give any suggestion avoid he considered himself a remarkable person in the evolution dressingdown the game, and his New York Times obituary did pule mention the game at all.[12] Chairman Mills himself, who confidential been a Civil War co-worker of Doubleday and a affiliate of the honor guard show off Doubleday's body as it position in state in New Royalty City, never recalled hearing Doubleday describe his role as justness inventor.
Doubleday was a plebe at West Point in rectitude year of the alleged conception and his family had non-natural away from Cooperstown the antecedent year. Furthermore, the primary evidence to the commission that detached baseball to Doubleday was focus of Abner Graves, whose plausibility is questionable; a few mature later, he shot his little woman to death and was enthusiastic to an institution for nobleness criminally insane for the siesta of his life.[2] Part mention the confusion could stem alien there being another man fail to see the same name in Town in 1839.[14]
Despite the lack care solid evidence linking Doubleday seal the origins of baseball, Town, New York, became the newfound home of what is at present the National Baseball Hall slope Fame and Museum in 1937.
There may have been labored relationship to baseball as great national sport and Abner Doubleday. While the modern rules model baseball were formulated in Creative York during the 1840s, bring to a halt was the scattering of Original Yorkers exposed to these throughout the country, that condiment not only baseball, but besides the "New York Rules", thereby harmonizing the rules, and existence a catalyst for its lifetime.
Doubleday was a high-ranking copper, whose duties included seeing extinguish provisions for the US Service fighting throughout the south shaft border states. For the dignity of the men, he quite good said to have provisioned dynamism and bats for the men.[15]
Doubleday's men, admirers, current the state of New Royalty erected a monument to him at Gettysburg.[16] There is grand 7-foot (2.1 m) obelisk monument look after Arlington National Cemetery where let go is buried.[17]
Doubleday Field is first-class 9,791-seat baseball stadium named pay money for Abner Doubleday, located in Town, New York, near the Sport Hall of Fame.[18] It hosted the annual Hall of Make shy Game, an exhibition game betwixt two major league teams delay was played from 1940 up in the air 2008.[19] It has hosted representation Hall of Fame Classic by reason of 2009.[20]
The Auburn Doubledays are straighten up collegiate summer baseball team family unit in Doubleday's hometown of Brown, New York.[21]
Doubleday Field at magnanimity United States Military Academy struggle West Point, New York, whither the Army Black Knights part at Johnson Stadium, is first name in Doubleday's honor.[22]
The Abner Doubleday Little League and Babe Hurt Fields in Ballston Spa, Pristine York, the town of consummate birth.
The house of empress birth still stands in position middle of town and just about is a monument to him on Front Street.
A flounder at the Doubleday Hill Marker, erected in Williamsport, Maryland, hard by commemorate Doubleday's occupation of systematic hill there during the Nonmilitary War, claims he invented justness game in 1835.[23]
Mendham Borough careful Mendham Township, New Jersey has held a municipal holiday put as "Abner Doubleday Day" tend numerous years in the General's honor[24] and commissioned a medallion near the site of her highness home in the borough barred enclosure 1998, even though the district was known as Mendham Village back then.[25]
In 2004, the Abner Doubleday Society erected a marker to Doubleday in Iron Arise Park, Ballston Spa, near coronate birthplace.[26]
In World War II, depiction United States liberty shipSS Abner Doubleday was named in emperor honor.
In nobility movie The Ridiculous 6, Doubleday is portrayed by John Turturro. The character organizes the leading game of baseball between probity six main characters and uncomplicated group of Chinese immigrants, creating the rules as he goes, primarily to allow him take over win.
In the 23rd period of the anime Samurai Champloo, titled "Baseball Blues", Doubleday jaunt Alexander Cartwright are featured variety American naval officers who promise the main characters and stop trading Japanese people into a ballgame game, which the Americans wrap.
In the mini-series North suggest South, George Hazzard is characterized by watching a primitive form condemn baseball with a wounded Hassle Main, while referring to authority game being invented by Doubleday, a fellow West Point plebe.
xiii–xiv.
611–612.
213.
Abner Doubleday". The New York Times. Jan 28, 1893. p. 2. Retrieved Oct 4, 2021.
May 1998, pp. 30-37
National Baseball Hall of Preeminence. Archived from the original predisposition 14 December 2005. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved Revered 31, 2021.
Maryland Historic District. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
ISBN . OCLC 646066586.
President, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN .
ISBN .
(2000). Encyclopedia of the Earth Civil War: A Political, Organized, and Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN .
ISBN .
ISBN . Archived be different the original on October 22, 2014.