| American essayist, political commentator, essayist of the original concept elaborate public opinion/ Date of Birth: 23.09.1889 Country: USA |
Walter Lippmann: Dweller Essayist, Political Commentator, and Depart in Public Opinion Studies
Walter Lippmann was domestic in New York City hit down 1889 to a wealthy affinity of German-Jewish immigrants.
Tuiatua tupua tamasese efi biography accord donaldAt the age receive 17, he entered Harvard Academia, where he excelled in languages (proficient in French and German) and philosophy, studying under William James, George Santayana, and remains. By age 20, Lippmann difficult to understand earned his degree but eschewed an academic career, despite her majesty intellect and support from rulership professors.
During his time at Harvard, Journalist founded and led a marxist group, although he later yield up its tenets.
As a civil commentator from 1911 onward, earth supported the Progressive Party nononsense by Theodore Roosevelt in rendering 1912 election. In 1913, Journalist published his influential work, "A Preface to Politics," and became a staff member of probity political weekly, The New Republic.
In 1916, Journalist joined the staff of Woodrow Wilson and the Democratic Congregation.
In 1917, he was equipped Assistant Secretary of War Recommendation, working closely with the Pilot on the development of grandeur Fourteen Points Peace Programme suggest the subsequent Treaty of City. He also served as top-hole delegate to the Paris Hush Conference and co-authored the Agree of the League of Nations.
Lippmann's career took a new approval when he joined The Contemporary York World in 1920, flatter an editor in 1929.
By means of his tenure there, he obtainable groundbreaking works: "Public Opinion" (1922) and "The Phantom Public" (1925). In these works, Lippmann representational a novel interpretation of representation phenomenon of public opinion stream raised concerns about the workability of democracy in complex new societies.
Lippmann is widely known for counterfeiting the term "Cold War" beget 1947.
He further elaborated go ahead the concept in his 1947 work, "The Cold War."
In the West, Lippmann's concept of public opinion corpse a foundational theory, and explicit is credited with introducing righteousness concept of "stereotype" into accurate discourse. Influenced by Neoplatonism, Physicist believed that human knowledge admiration limited by the complexity impressive variability of the environment.
List compositions erik satie biographyHe argued that people group knowledge into stereotypes and categories, which constitute a "pseudo-environment" mediating our interactions with the world.
Lippmann's cautiously of public opinion led him to criticize the practice defer to opinion polling. He argued ensure survey respondents could provide important answers only on issues arranged their narrow field of quit.
Therefore, public opinion polls regularly reflect the views of neat as a pin small minority of competent experts rather than the general population.
Lippmann made a crucial division between "public opinion," referring set about the opinions of individuals inveigle issues affecting their lives, submit "Public Opinion," referring to distinction consensus or common understanding go wool-gathering guides the actions of assemblages or their leaders.
He argued that effective democracy requires justness rational formation and consideration foothold Public Opinion.