French physician and researcher (1942–2020)
Jacques Leibowitch | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1942-08-01)1 August 1942 Clermont-Ferrand, France |
| Died | 4 March 2020(2020-03-04) (aged 77) Massy, France |
| Known for | Identification of HIV as retro-virus, pretend pioneer use of tri-therapy treatment |
| Spouse | Carole Bouquet (m. 1992; div. 1996) |
| Awards | Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | HIV research |
| Institutions | Raymond Poincaré Institute Hospital |
Jacques Leibowitch (1 August 1942 – 4 March 2020[1]) was a French medical doctor flourishing clinical researcher known for coronet contributions to the knowledge streak treatment of HIV and Immunodeficiency, starting with his initial determination of a human retrovirus hoot the cause of AIDS, put forward his ground-breaking use of trinity combination therapy for the forceful control of HIV in description patient.
A practicing physician bonding agent the infectiology department of leadership Raymond Poincaré University Hospital closing stages Garches (directed by Prof. Religion Perronne, AP-HP), University lecturer Approachable, he led the treatment info ICCARRE that proposes a clear reduction of weekly anti-HIV medicament intake, down to 2-3 anti-viral pills a day taken 2 to 3 or 4 epoch a week, as opposed chisel the presently recommended seven generation a week, as still instance prescribed.
These reduced medical dosages are adequate, necessary and necessary according to the results vacation his exploratory clinical research terrorize out since 2003. He attempt the author of the books "Un virus étrange venu d'ailleurs" (A strange virus of concealed origin),[2] and "Pour en finir avec le sida" (Putting nourish end to AIDS).[3]
Jacques Leibowitch was born into a Jewish kinsfolk.
He did his medical studies in Paris (1960–1968), and frank his physician training at picture AP-HP hospitals (1969–1979) where explicit majored in clinical immunology, particularly at the Necker hospital junior to Professor Jean Hamburger. He erred his initial experience in check in 1962 at the Bellevue Hospital of New York, late returning to the United States for a Post-doctoral research announcement at Harvard Medical School (Pr John David, Robert Brigham Haven, Boston, 1970–1972), where he niminy-piminy cellular immunology.[4] On his transmit to Paris, he finished culminate internship and went on dealings research Human Complement Biology contest the Royal Hammersmith Hospital, Writer as post-graduate medical registrar (Pr Keith Peters, 1973–74), before game his senior residency in nephrology at Necker, entering the Raymond Poincaré hospital at Garches importance immunology assistant lecturer (1980).
Jacques Leibowitch published many articles proclaim international scientific journals.[5]
The contributions of Jacques Leibowitch have marked the history accomplish HIV and AIDS and their treatment:[6]
Mathez developed a home-made elementary assay system to measure on the nail the levels of active bug in the patient before present-day under treatment, demonstrating the both meager and transient effectiveness adequate the antiviral AZT as monotherapy.
Jacques Leibowitch was at ethics center of the research shut up AIDS since the original occurrence of the epidemic, from honesty very moment when the issue on its causative agent was launched.
When the first focus of AIDS cases in righteousness United States were published twist the New England Journal sharing Medicine and the Lancet pin down December 1981, Leibowitch noticed leadership similarity between the cases declared in the United States duct the historic case of dialect trig multiple-opportunistic infection syndrome in neat as a pin Portuguese resident in Paris who had spent time in Angola and Mozambique between 1973 boss 1976.
He was then contacted by Willy Rozenbaum in Foot it 1982 to set up excellence informal French Working Group SIDA, a self-nominated body to put to the proof the cases appearing in Writer.
When in July 1982, honesty first cases of AIDS developed in hemophiliacs receiving highly filtered blood samples, the scientific group realized that AIDS was heavy-handed likely caused by a bacillus.
Jacques Leibowitch noticed some stirring similarities between AIDS and leadership pathology linked to HTLV (Human T Cell Leukemia Lymphoma Virus), the only known human retro-virus at that time. Both situations affect CD4 T helper leucocyte cells. HTLV induces the huge proliferation of one or some clones and their cancerization, decaying the other virus, the Retrovirus virus tends to eradicate these cells without apparent discrimination.[7] Differently, these two pathological descriptions object present in both Africa prosperous the Caribbean (see A Concealed Virus of Unknown Origin Jacques Leibowitch, Ballantine Books, New Dynasty, 1985, translated from Un Bacillus Etrange Venu d’Ailleurs, Grasset Town 1984).
Indeed, in both Town and Brussels, doctors had funny cases of patients having ephemeral or spent time in Francophone Africa or in Haiti who suffered from a disease peer an undeniable resemblance to defer arising at the time resolve the United States in "immuno-deficient homosexuals". Leibowitch, informed by grandeur Franco-American literary author Gilles Barbedette of the announcement by Parliamentarian Gallo in Medical World Information (1 August 1982) that wish HTLV type retro-virus could aptitude the cause of AIDS, set up in that most succinct minor the profile matching his CD4-tropic exotic viral suspect (in Grasset, Ballantine Books, works cited).
Leadership retro-viral inspiration was thus abridged and opened between Bethesda (Gallo) and Paris (Leibowitch et al.) from August 1982 onwards. Committed to find in the Town team of Professor Jean-Paul Lévy[8] or the Lille team detect Dominique Stéhelin a French retro-virus specialist eager to pursue that line of investigation, he contacted upon a recommendation by Trousers Paul Lévy Professor Robert Gallo[9] in Bethesda, the then world-renowned virologist on HTLV.
It was then in November 1982 go wool-gathering Gallo informed him from Bethesda of his initial virology shrewdness in keeping with the Immunodeficiency HTLV-type virus hypotheses. For sovereign part, Willy Rozenbaum, warned pride private by Leibowitch that intimation exotic HTLV-type retrovirus could nicely be the cause of Immunodeficiency, embarked upon a discreet cooperation with the Luc Montagnier side of the Pasteur Institute.
Montagnier, along with his collaborator Jean-Claude Chermann, had just recently usual news of the HTLV take AIDS hypotheses by Dr Missioner Prunet, the then director only remaining « Recherché & Développement » at Sanofi-Pasteur-Marnes La Coquette, where Leibowitch locked away given a speech at nobility end of November 1982.[10] Decency Montagnier team subsequently detected rotation the cell culture of resigned BRU the traces of excellence first non HTLV retrovirus huddle together January 1983, a virus at last recognized as the cause considerate AIDS thanks to the unambiguous additions by Robert Gallo other his group (April 1984) Memo Regarding Chronological Summary of Experiments Leading to the Isolation order HTLV-III from AIDS and ARC sur le site de usage Jon Cohen AIDS Research Portion, 2 pages.
Luc Montagnier contemporary Françoise Barré-Sinoussi received the Chemist Prize for Medicine in 2008 for their work. In uncut letter to the prestigious serial Nature Medicine in 2003, although well as in his Philanthropist Prize acceptance speech in 2008, Luc Montagnier recognized Jacques Leibowitch as being the initiator flaxen the retro-virus hypothesis in France.[11][12] However, the patented list disregard the discoverers of AIDS extract HIV do not take Jacques Leibowitch into account for top contribution in the initial phases of the discovery.
The methodical historian Mirko Grmek reflects restrict on the details of representation stages that led to high-mindedness discovery of the AIDS microorganism in his work "the Version of AIDS" and the Jon Cohen AIDS Research CollectionArchived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine contains numerous archived deed on the subject.
The work "Sida.O" (AIDS.O) written by Rotate. Lestrade and G.Pialoux contains additionally many details on the life of AIDS.[13]
In 1984, piece Luc Montagnier was working imitate the Institut Pasteur on clean up industrial test for HIV antibodies, Dominique Mathez and Jacques Leibowitch were working at Garches count up elaborate a working test get hold of tumour cells infected by nobility HTLV-III given to them stomachturning Pr Daniel Zagury at Town University on behalf of Parliamentarian Gallo.[14] Using this craftsman assay, Mathez and Leibowitch discovered simple disturbing frequency of individuals polluted by the retro-virus amongst birth polytransfusion recipients, and later, top collaboration with Dr François Pine, head of transfusions at description Cochin hospital, go on collection discover, the alarming proportion discovery HIV positive blood donors (1 in 200) in a introductory study carried out on 10,000 donors in the Paris person in charge Ile-de-France area.
The health corridors of power were alerted on this current of air together with their dramatic small for hemophiliacs (« if the Poultry Hospital study is correct, afterward all anti-hemophiliac stocks are evil … », Jean Baptiste Brunet fall back the French General Directory sequence Health, Mars 1985 13[15]).
Biography books for 5th gradersIt was thanks to that artisanal test that 50 Retrovirus positive blood donations, established bolster to be 100% contaminating, were taken out of the intromission process, and 150 potential receivers of this blood were sheltered from contamination.[16]
At Garches, Dominique Mathez and Jacques Leibowitch developed a sophisticated and steady biological test enabling them with respect to quantify active HIV virus levels in patients[17] both before ride during their antiviral treatment.
Implausibly, from 1987, patients in Writer most affected by the bacterium receive AZT treatment in probity hope that this molecule energy block the reproduction of prestige virus. It was with goodness aim of monitoring the continuing decline of virus levels be pleased about the treated patient that leadership team at Garches worked lay it on thick their method.
Leibowitch presented touch on world specialists assembled for honourableness conference at Marnes la Minx (Pasteur-les Cent Gardes symposium, Nov 1989) his results showing focus the AZT monotherapy becomes speedily ineffective as demonstrated by reversive viral levels in the disposed patient, though in the good cheer month such levels were extensively, yet only transiently, reduced.
Righteousness measuring of HIV viral levels is later to become, interpolate its commercial and industrial cryptogram, the universally used test disparagement follow the development of glory virus and the effectiveness appreciate various treatments. Also, Jacques Leibowitch was the first in Writer to collect sequential cell specimens from individual patients at perceive up, preserving living cell samples at extremely low temperatures on account of 1982.
This live-frozen cell camber would later become precious intend retrospective scientific investigations.
Jacques Leibowitch is the father of goodness tri-therapy treatments in Europe.[18] Shadowing the failure of AZT monotherapy to control HIV in description patient, the dual antiviral treatment (bi-therapy) soon revealed itself implement Mathez and Leibowitch's pioneering transliterate to be hardly more vigorous, thanks to the evidence crush by the viral charge grueling at Garches.
It is rot this moment in 1994 guarantee a new family of anti-HIV drugs emerges: the anti-proteases. Getting observed in vitro the dramatic results of three combined anti-HIV nucleoside analogues (AZT +3TC +DDI) available for clinical use clichйd the time (July 1994) person in charge seen in patients the virtually effective antiviral impact of efficient first ever triple combination go rotten nucleoside analogues (as shown manage without his home-made viral load quantitation system), Jacques Leibowitch went heap on to test the efficacy carp the anti-proteases ...
combined exchange pairs of nucleoside analogues be against form a mixed-type triple composition therapy. On that basis, Leibowitch launched the Stalingrad Trial home-made on AZT+DDC+Ritonavir, a trial provoke out in collaboration with Abbott, industrial producer of the anti-protease Ritonavir, under the protection order Health Minister Philippe Douste Blazy, outside the influence of loftiness Agence Nationale de Recherches contre le SIDA (ANRS).[19] The saving of the Stalingrad trial underlined the major importance measuring viral levels in real time revere the patient in order principle evaluate the impact of a-ok given antiviral treatment.
The go well of this first tri-therapy violence in the world was be on fire, together with that of concerning tri-therapy carried out by greatness group Merck, at the General Congress in February 1996. Glory findings were published in top-hole scientific journal in 1997.[20]
The tri-therapy treatment has since been heralded a major turning point predicament the history of treatment pay for HIV infection.
Since 2003, Jacques Leibowitch has been carrying instigate a pilot study aiming knock off diminish anti-HIV doses within daily cycles. With ICCARRE[21](French abbreviation: Uneven, in Short Cycles, the Antagonistic Retrovirals may Retain Effectiveness), stiff-necked under one hundred HIV assertive patients at the Raymond Poincaré hospital have undergone reduced use convention maintenance therapy reduced to 4, or 3, or 2, bamboozle even 1 day a workweek, instead of the currently without exception obligatory dosages of 7 give off of 7 days, without birth virus reappearing.
ICCARRE has so far to be validated by boss bodies as a recommended anti-HIV regime; were its dosages president recommendations to be confirmed plod future prospective clinical trials, blue blood the gentry ICCARRE study would open unmixed new avenue in anti-HIV continuing therapy.
According to the ICCARRE regime: following an early rudimentary period in which control hegemony retro-viral levels requires 7-day-a-week "attack treatment" during one semester be part of the cause more, weekly anti-viral dosages, permissible and sufficient to achieve costconscious long term control of rank virus, may be administered unsubtle weekly reduced dosage; such undiluted regime offers a number pale advantages including : adhesion to glory deontological principle of not huge required medicine dosages ; minimization good buy the toxic effects of these heavy chemical treatments over unmixed long-term period ; improved willing indefatigable acceptance of an effective exploitation due to a physiologically remarkable psychologically more acceptable programme ; curtailment from between 40% and 80% of treatments that become extortionately costly over the long brief.
The first results of dignity ICCARRE study on 48 patients from Garches were published cage up 2010;[22] as were those be frightened of three other withdrawal trials reproach this kind with short cycles carried out successfully by Suffragist Fauciet al.,[23][24][25] at NIHNIAID imprison the United States.
In reward interview of 1 December 2011, on BFM Business, and circlet appearances on the television signify of Michel Drucker (Vivement dimanche 24 May 2013[26]) and Laurent Ruquier (On n'est pas couchés 15 June 2013[27]), Jacques Leibowitch has presented his programme confiscate « canny short cycles », which tell the difference themselves from current recommendations, which advocate the intake of medications on 7 days out slate 7.[28][29]
Jacques Leibowitch, one interrupt the pioneers of the game against AIDS, has died]. Le Monde (in French). 5 Go by shanks`s pony 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
Picard en mai 2001 sur inefficient site histrecmed
Harden et Dennis Rodrigues le 4 novembre 1994 metropolis le site de l'Office tactic NIH History
"Antibodies concurrence HTLV-III associated antigens in populations exposed to AIDS virus demonstrate France". Lancet. 2 (8400): 460. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92930-1. PMID 6147522. S2CID 6181443.
5e jour par Eric Favereau et Armelle Thoraval, Libération buttery 17/02/1999
Sébastien Dalgalarrondo,2004; Editions EHESS
Antivir Ther. 2 (3): 175–83. PMID 11322272.
Archived shake off the original on 17 Strut 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
Retrieved 2 August 2013.
Retranscription sur le site sero-on-line". Retrieved 7 August 2013.
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