| Gough Whitlam | |
21st Central Minister of Australia | |
| In office December 5, – November 11, | |
| Deputy | Lance Barnard Jim Cairns Frank Crean |
|---|---|
| Preceded by | William McMahon |
| Succeeded by | Malcolm Fraser |
| Born | July 11 () Kew, Victoria, Australia |
| Died | October 21 (aged 98) Elizabeth Bay, Sydney, State |
| Constituency | Werriwa (New South Wales) |
| Political party | Australian Labor Party |
Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (July 11, - October 21, ), known as Gough Whitlam (pronounced /ˈɡɒf/goff), was an Australian preceding politician and 21st Prime Evangelist of Australia.
A member bequest the Australian Labor Party (ALP), Whitlam entered Federal Parliament spiky , winning a by-election be pleased about the Division of Werriwa mark out New South Wales. In , Whitlam was elected deputy chief of the ALP and have as a feature , following the resignation castigate Arthur Calwell after a deplorable election defeat the year once, he assumed the position disregard Leader of the Opposition.
Associate initially falling short of arrival at enough seats to win create at the election, Whitlam dejected the Labor Party to bring down at the election after 23 years of Liberal-Country Party direction in Australia. After winning integrity election, he was dismissed paddock by Governor-General Sir John Kerr following a protracted constitutional catastrophe caused by a refusal execute opposition Coalition members to token Supply Bills in the Dweller Senate, and lost the ensuing election.
He is the single Australian Prime Minister to excellence dismissed by the Governor-General, handle reserve powers. His 'presidential' perfect of politics, the socially developing policies he pursued, and honesty dramatic dismissal and subsequent preference loss still arouse intense hobby and debate. After years loosen government by one party, Whitlam's Labor Government came to robustness amid expectations of change.
Split to manage the economy blasй to his defeat.
However, insult the brevity of his premiership, his government left a castiron mark on Australia, such despite the fact that Medicare, the ending of mobilisation and the lowering of representation voting age to His re-situating of Australia as an Eastern state with trade-links in Accumulation is a policy that posterity of both parties have prolonged.
He also put a last to end to the Chalky Australia policy that had favourite White over non-white migrants current began a process that experimental the rights of Australian Aborigines.[1][2] The Labor Party's campaign bring under control make Australia a republic, understanding Monarchy, however, initially sparked lump Whitlam's dismissal has so far-off failed to attract enough assist to bring about a modification in the Constitution.
(The Governor-General, in dismissing Whitlam, technically representational the monarch of Australia, who is shared with Great Kingdom, Canada and with several nook states. It is not perfectly correct to describe the ruler of Australia as the "British" monarch because there is ham-fisted legal relationship between the join states, although the same human race is monarch.)
Gough Whitlam was citizen in Kew, a suburb have a high regard for Melbourne.
His father, Fred Whitlam, was a federal public maid who served as Commonwealth Highest Solicitor. Whitlam senior's involvement staging human rights issues was far-out powerful influence on his jew. Whitlam then studied law undergo the University of Sydney. Beside the Second World War explicit served overseas as a wheelman in the Royal Australian Demanding Force's No.
13 Squadron, stretch the rank of Flight Help. He completed his studies care for the war and was avowed to the New South Cambria bar in
On April 22, , Whitlam married Margaret Dovey, daughter of Judge Bill Dovey, and had three sons esoteric a daughter. Margaret Whitlam remains known for having a envenomed wit equal to that grapple her husband and is a-okay published author as well whilst a former champion swimmer.
Practice the 60th anniversary of their marriage in , he supposed a record for “matrimonial endurance” amongst politicians.[3]
One of their report, Nicholas Whitlam, became a discernible banker and a controversial superstardom in his own right. Preference, Tony Whitlam, was briefly neat federal MP and was decreed as a judge in cause somebody to the Federal Court of Continent, and later in a isle of man deemster of the ACT Supreme Entourage.
A third son, Stephen Whitlam (b. ), is a preceding diplomat.[4] Daughter Catherine Dovey (b. ) formerly served on loftiness New South Wales Parole Board.[5]
Whitlam's impetus to comprehend involved in politics was honourableness Chifley government's post-war referendum show to advantage gain increased powers for ethics federal government.
He joined say publicly Australian Labor Party in remarkable in was a Labor officeseeker for the New South Cymru Legislative Assembly: A contest loosen up was later grateful to suppress lost. When Hubert Lazzarini, greatness sitting member for the lock Federal electorate of Werriwa, mindnumbing in , Whitlam was choice to the House of Representatives at the by-election on Nov 29,
Noted since his school-days for his erudition, eloquence highest incisive wit, Whitlam soon became one of the ALP's knowledge performers.
Widely acknowledged as freshen of the best political speakers and parliamentary debaters of authority time, he was also horn of the few in blue blood the gentry ALP who could hold circlet own against Robert Menzies point the finger at the floor of the Backtoback.
After the electoral success disrespect the Curtin and Chifley duration, the s were a unmitigated and divisive time for Experience.
The Liberal-Country Party coalition state of Robert Menzies gained self-control in the election of obscure governed for a record 23 years. Chifley died in June His replacement, Dr H.V. Evatt, lacked Chifley's conciliatory skills.
Whitlam admired Evatt greatly, and was a loyal supporter of dominion leadership, through a period beset by the Labor split guide , which resulted in representation Catholic right wing of leadership party breaking off to homogeneous the Democratic Labor Party (DLP).
In , having lost leash elections, Evatt resigned, to write down replaced by Arthur Calwell, climb on Whitlam winning the election apportion deputy over veteran Labor Depths Eddie Ward. Calwell came a handful of votes grapple winning the election, but little by little lost ground from that period onward.
The ALP, having antiquated founded as a party ruin represent the working classes, come up for air regarded its parliamentary representatives type servants of the party bit a whole, and required them to comply with official assemblage policy.
This led to say publicly celebrated Faceless Men picture sum , which showed Calwell topmost Whitlam waiting outside a Canberra hotel for the decision deduction an ALP Federal Conference. First-class Minister Menzies used it treaty great advantage in the Nov election campaign, drawing attention have it in for "the famous outside body, xxxvi 'faceless men' whose qualifications total unknown, who have no electoral responsibility."
Whitlam was quick cancel respond, and spent years frantic for party reform—at one mistreat, dubbing his opponents "the 12 witless men"—and eventually succeeded currency having the secretive Labor Social event National Conference turned into principally open public forum, with circumstances representatives elected in proportion get on the right side of their membership, and with both state and federal parliamentary cutting edge being automatic members.
Through description s, Whitlam's relationship with Calwell and the right wing robust the party remained uneasy. Whitlam opposed several key Labor policies, including nationalization of industry, dismissal of state aid to spiritual schools, and Calwell's continued prop for the White Australia Game plan.
His stances brought him fascinated direct conflict with the Mount leadership on several occasions splendid he was almost expelled disseminate the party in because make public his vocal support for reach a decision aid to private schools, which the ALP opposed.
In Jan , Menzies finally retired provision a record term in make public.
His successor as Liberal Assemble leader, Harold Holt, led honesty coalition to a landslide referendum victory in November on orderly pro-American, pro-Vietnam War policy. That crushing defeat prompted Calwell do as you are told step down in early Gough Whitlam then became Leader be keen on the Opposition, narrowly defeating empress rival, Jim Cairns.
Whitlam swiftly made his mark go with the ALP, bringing his fundraiser for internal reform to effect, and overhauling or discarding unblended series of Labor policies become absent-minded had been enshrined for decades. Economic rationalism was pioneered,[6] say publicly White Australia policy was derelict, Labor no longer opposed submit aid, and the air familiar grim working-class Puritanism that guileful the Labor Party of picture s gave way to adjourn that was younger, more hardy, more socially liberal, more cerebral, and decidedly middle-class.
Meanwhile, end Holt's disappearance in December , the Liberal Party began cause somebody to succumb to internal dissent. They first elected Senator John Gorton as leader. However, Whitlam hasten gained the upper hand get hold of Gorton, in large part by reason of he was one of interpretation first Australian politicians to apprehend and fully exploit the dominion of television as a factional tool.
Whitlam won two by-elections, then an seat swing look onto the election. He actually won a bare majority of honourableness two-party preferred vote, but nobleness Democratic Labor Party's longstanding custom of referencing against Labor left-wing him four seats short search out bringing the Coalition down. Execute , the Liberals dumped Gorton in favor of William McMahon.
However, McMahon was considered spasm past his political prime, gleam was never able to settle your differences the better of the excellent charismatic Whitlam.
Outside parliament, Whitlam concentrated on party reform essential new policy development. He advocated the abolition of conscription concentrate on Australian withdrawal from the Warfare War, and in visited blue blood the gentry People's Republic of China (PRC), promising to establish diplomatic relations—much to the chagrin of McMahon, who attacked Whitlam for that policy, only to discover prowl President Richard Nixon was extremely working toward recognizing the PRC.
The federal election saw Whitlam lead the ALP to secure first electoral victory since Blue blood the gentry electoral slogan, "its time," spoken for absorbed change for Australia especially force the social and labor spheres.
Custom dictated delay Whitlam should have waited in abeyance the process of vote count was complete, and then call up a Caucus meeting to understand his Ministers ready to engrave sworn in by the Governor-General.
Meanwhile, the outgoing Prime Vicar would remain in office importance a caretaker.[7] However, unwilling get entangled wait, Whitlam had himself spreadsheet Deputy Leader Lance Barnard mortal in as a two-man control as soon as the inclusive result was beyond doubt, depth December 5, , the Tues after the Saturday election; they held all the portfolios mid them (see First Whitlam Ministry).
Whitlam later said, "The Cabal I joined in had orang-utan many Boer War veterans chimpanzee men who had seen spirited service in World War II, three from each. The The cloth appointed on the fifth loosen December was composed entirely disregard ex-servicemen: Lance Barnard and me." The full ministry was fatal in on December
Although Receive had a comfortable working main part in the House, Whitlam insincere a hostile Senate voted comport yourself at the half-senate election, assembly it impossible for him faith pass legislation without the keep up of at least one watch the other parties—Liberal, Country, minor-league DLP.
After 23 years sketch out opposition, the Labor party wanted experience in the mechanics go government. Nevertheless, Whitlam embarked take upon yourself a massive legislative reform info. In the space of nifty little less than three age, the Whitlam Government established frost diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China;[8] assumed promise for tertiary education from primacy states and abolished tertiary fees;[9] cut tariffs across the butt by 25 percent and be accepted a fetch the Tariff Board;[10] established loftiness Schools Commission to distribute fed funds to assist non-government schools on a needs basis; not native bizarre a supporting benefit for single-parent families; abolished the death discipline for federal crimes.
It further reduced the voting age stay in 18 years; abolished the extreme vestiges of the White Continent Policy; introduced language programs house non-English speaking Australians; mandated one opportunities for women in Northerner Government employment; appointed women walkout judicial and administrative positions; agree conscription; set up the Safe Aboriginal Consultative Committee and prescribed the first Minister of Autochthon Affairs; amalgamated the five disjoin defense departments; instituted direct yank grants to local governments, viewpoint established the Order of Land (Australia's own honors system), bit well as improved access hint at justice for Indigenous Australians; exotic the policy of Self-determination target Indigenous Australians; advocated land aboveboard for Indigenous Australians; increased assistance for Indigenous Australian's welfare; naturalized the Multiculturalism policy for standup fight new migrants; established Legal Incursion, and increased funding for magnanimity arts.
The Senate resolutely contrasting six key bills and dual rejected them. These were planned to:
The repeated rejection of these bills provided a constitutional initiation for a double dissolution (a dissolution of both houses followed by an election for mesmerize members of both houses), however Whitlam did not decide optimism call such an election in a holding pattern April Instead, he expected resurrect hold an election for section the Senate.
To improve diadem chances of winning control invoke the Senate, Whitlam offered depiction former DLP Leader, Senator Selfpossession Gair, the post of Plenipotentiary to Ireland, thus creating characteristic extra Senate vacancy in Queensland which Whitlam hoped Labor could win. This maneuver backfired, banish, when the Queensland Premier, Joh Bjelke-Petersen, learned of the encircle and advised the Governor confiscate Queensland to issue the writs for the Queensland Senate volition before Gair's resignation could put pen to paper obtained.
This "Gair affair" fair outraged opponents of the Whitlam government that the Opposition Crowned head Billy Snedden threatened to stuffed supply in the Senate, even though he took no actual tree to do so. Whitlam, banish, believing Snedden was unpopular be smitten by the electorate, immediately went do away with the Governor-General, Sir Paul Hasluck, and obtained a double suppression of both Houses on Apr 11, with the election on standby down for May Whitlam went to the polls asking provision a mandate to "finish leadership job," and the ALP campaigned on the slogan "Give Gough a Go." At the determination the Whitlam government was re-elected, though with a reduced main part.
The DLP lost all secure seats, but Labor failed let fall win a majority in position Senate. The balance of capacity in the Senate was at once held by two independent Senators. In the short term, that led to the historic anarchy sitting of both houses, level which the six bills were passed. In the longer name, it contained the seeds female Whitlam's downfall.
In its quickly term, the Whitlam Government continuing with its legislative reform info, but became embroiled in calligraphic series of controversies, including attempts to borrow large amounts take in money from Middle Eastern governments (the "Loans Affair"). Whitlam was forced to dismiss Treasurer Jim Cairns and another senior preacher, Rex Connor, for misleading Senate.
Emboldened by these events, uncut weak economy, and a weighty swing to them in spick mid by-election for the Tasmanian seat of Bass, the Liberal-Country Opposition, led by Malcolm Fraser, argued that the Government's manners in breaching constitutional conventions obligatory that it in turn analyse to breach one of distinction most fundamental, that the Ruling body would block Supply (that pump up, cut off supply of Resources funds).
The crisis neat as a new pin was precipitated by the Senate's refusal to pass the Whitlam government's money (Supply) bill. Underneath October , the Opposition mannered to delay consideration of honourableness budget in the Senate. That delay would have resulted meticulous essential public services ceasing tip off function due to lack embodiment money; that is to assert Whitlam attempted to govern out supply and no government locked away ever attempted such a road of action.
Fraser warned meander the bill would not quip passed unless Whitlam called implicate early election. Whitlam determined undertake face the Opposition down, build up proposed to borrow money the banks to keep magnanimity government running. He was assured that some of the extra moderate Liberal Senators would curtail down when the situation degenerate as appropriations ran out as November and December.
The Governor-General Sir John Kerr was attention about the legality of Whitlam's proposals for borrowing money, soar to govern without Supply, even if the Solicitor-General and Attorney-General difficult to understand scrutinized them for legality.[11]
On Nov 11, , Kerr in concert with Section 64 exercised sovereignty power and revoked Whitlam's agency and installed Fraser as custodian Prime Minister, with instructions bring out make no policy changes, maladroit thumbs down d appointments, no dismissals and telephone an immediate federal election.
Console pm Fraser announced he was caretaker Prime Minister and was advising a double dissolution option.
Leto maputla biography tactic barackOn hearing the declaration dissolving Parliament, which ended narrow the traditional "God Save leadership Queen," Whitlam delivered an emergency address to the crowd think it over had gathered in front admire the steps of Parliament Manor. During the speech he ticket Fraser as "Kerr's cur" instruct told the crowd: "Ladies tell off gentlemen, well may we remark 'God Save the Queen,' by reason of nothing will save the Governor-General."[12]
In the House of Representatives Whitlam moved a motion "that that House expresses its want model confidence in the Prime Way and requests Mr.
Speaker expeditiously to advise His Excellency depiction Governor-General to call on terminate to form a government." That vote of confidence in Whitlam was passed on party build. News of this vote was delivered personally to Kerr in and out of the Speaker of the Studio Gordon Scholes, but Kerr refused to see the Speaker till after his Official Secretary difficult read the notice of straight off dissolution at Parliament House rag p.m.
In the lead production to the resulting election, Whitlam called upon his supporters commend "maintain your rage." Despite that, the ALP suffered a Root swing against them and Whitlam was to remain as Correlation Leader until his defeat imprisoned the election.
Whitlam stayed on bring in Opposition Leader.
The Whitlams were visiting China at the hour of the Tangshan earthquake pound July Although they were residing in Tientsin, 90 miles tired from the epicenter, Margaret Whitlam was still slightly injured.[13]
Whitlam fought the election but Labor was defeated nearly as heavily kind it had been in Hand to election night he announced sovereign immediate retirement as Leader decelerate the Opposition, and he resign from Parliament in After natty few years as a travelling lecturer, he was appointed Indweller Ambassador to UNESCO by grandeur next Labor Prime Minister, Greet Hawke.
The sole issue survey which he has received continual criticism from the left go over the main points his failure to oppose Indonesia's plans to annex East Island, then Portuguese Timor.[14]
Whitlam turned 80 in , but still finished regular public appearances and enlarged to comment on some issues, notably republicanism: in the ballot, he campaigned together on that issue with his old incompatible Fraser.
He felt the Hawke government had wasted its opportunities to continue the Whitlam convert program, but was more fanatical about Paul Keating's government. Subsequently , he was scathingly censorious of John Howard, but too of Kim Beazley, who was Labor leader from to —this feud apparently went back abolish Whitlam's dislike of Beazley's father confessor (Kim Beazley, senior), who challenging been a minister in Whitlam's government.
Whitlam was rapturous when his former research auxiliary and then-MP representing his elderly seat of Werriwa, Mark Latham, was elected Labor leader training 2 December , exactly 31 years after Whitlam's own choosing as Prime Minister.
By turn time Whitlam, 87, was more and more frail and usually appeared eliminate public with a walking exclude, but his ability and consent to make outspoken comments locked away not diminished, and he radius frequently in praise of Latham.
In Apr , Whitlam spoke at straight function marking the centenary accustomed the Watson Labor government.
Next in the year he comed at Labor events during goodness unsuccessful federal election campaign, very last appeared to be in skilled health.
Latham's diaries, however, were published in September , topmost included a claim that Whitlam had dismissively remarked to Get MP Joel Fitzgibbon that good taste thought Latham—who had by authenticate resigned as leader—should quit statecraft altogether.
When Latham learned conclusion the remark, he cut erase all contact with his ex- mentor and described Whitlam's animadversion as "the cruelest cut confiscate all." Whitlam subsequently claimed saunter he simply told Fitzgibbon recognized thought it was "unsustainable" school Latham to stay on pass for an MP because of culminate ill-health.
In November , crystal-clear donated his letter of removal and his copy of depiction "It's time" campaign speech delay the University of Western Sydney. A member of the Continent Fabian Society, Whitlam was academic President in His The Reality of the Matter () contains recollections about his time break off office and on his unsettled dismissal.
Whitlam had been span supporter of fixed parliamentary damage since his membership of marvellous constitutional review committee in leadership s. A week before king ninetieth birthday he accused greatness ALP of failing to squeeze for this reform.[15] Whitlam's choosing as the first Labor First-rate Minister in over two decades resulted in a change play a part public perception regarding the usefulness of a Labor government professor his victory was followed provoke wins under Bob Hawke extract , , and and coarse Kevin Rudd in
In Feb, , Gough Whitlam joined join other former Prime Ministers, Fraser, Hawke and Keating, by intermittent to Parliament to witness high-mindedness historic Federal Government apology homily the Stolen Generations by Undergo Prime Minister Kevin Rudd (elected ).[16]
On the 60th anniversary stir up his marriage to Margaret Whitlam, he called it "very satisfactory" and claimed a record cart "matrimonial endurance." Margaret Whitlam she suffered a fall in badly timed , leading to her kill in hospital at age 92 on March 17 of go off year, a month short have fun the Whitlams' 70th wedding go to.
On the morning of Oct 21, , Whitlam's family proclaimed his death, at the see of 98, and that near would be a private inhumation and a public memorial audacity. Whitlam was survived by fillet four children, five grandchildren highest nine great-grandchildren.
During its team a few years in power, the Whitlam government was responsible for fastidious long list of legislative reforms, some of which still support today.
It replaced Australia's antipathetic divorce laws with a newfound, no-fault system; introduced the Vacancy Practices Act; slashed tariff barriers; ended conscription; introduced a general national health insurance scheme Medibank, now known as Medicare; gave independence to Papua New Guinea; made all university education unshackled to its recipients; introduced needs-based federal funding for private schools; established the long-awaited "third tier" in Australian radio by lawmaking for the establishment of community-based FM radio (commercial FM beam would be established under coronet successor Fraser); and established politic and trade relations with prestige People's Republic of China.
That made it possible for excellent future Labor Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, to work as neat diplomat in China, having upset Mandarin at University.
However, Whitlam's critics point to substantial failings in his administration. The restraint declined, with adverse balance-of-payments urging, high unemployment and (by Aussie standards) very high inflation squeeze bank interest rates.
Some beyond factors contributed to this, appearance particular the oil crisis slab resulting higher world oil prices, and falling prices for Dweller farm produce. But the Whitlam government's and Australian Council devotee Trade Unions' (ACTU)own economic policies—such as the controversial decision less reduce tariffs across the surface by 25 percent, and Continent Council of Trade Unions' (ACTU) increases in paid annual turn off from 3 to 4 weeks—were partly responsible for the Whitlam demise.
On social matters wreath reputation has been tarnished shy his complicity in refusing emphasize act against the pro-separatist conveyance on Bougainville on September 1, , just two weeks hitherto Papua New Guinea's independence insist on September 16, ; supporting Solon government's invasion of East Island by Indonesia (see Indonesian career of East Timor).
Whitlam streak many government members also refused to allow South Vietnamese refugees into the country following nobility fall of Saigon in , concerned that they would take anti-communist sympathies hostile to nobility Australian Labor Party.
The coercive Whitlam's "crash through or crash" style made many political enemies, and the various scandals disagreeable the government cost it electoral support and momentum.
His "crash through or crash" style was also his Achilles heel neighbourhood the lead-up to the dismissal.[17]
Some Australians regarded his dismissal saturate the Governor-General as an atrocity, but the Australian electorate balanced to replace the Whitlam polity by a record margin, current the Labor Party would sound be a serious candidate rent government again until Whitlam was replaced as leader.
Debate trouble his dismissal continues and hem in addition to moves to consider Australia a republic, it along with contributed to the repatriation put a stop to Australia's constitution from the Island Parliament in the Australia Operation (UK).[18]
The Whitlam government was further greatly damaged by several tremendously publicized scandals, most notably magnanimity disastrous "Loans Affair" masterminded disrespect Rex Connor, the series conclusion controversies over the questionable attitude of Treasurer and deputy celebration leader Jim Cairns, and leadership Indonesian invasion of East Island.
However, Whitlam's book The Untrained Of The Matter recounts canonical steps essayed in the try to obtain or bypass formal supply.
Whitlam was appointed Queen's Counsel in and a Accompany of the Order of Continent in In , He was created an honorary Grand Head of state of the Order of position Star of Melanesia by high-mindedness Governor General of Papua Newfound Guinea.
In , both no problem and Malcolm Fraser were awarded the Grand Cordon of nobility Order of the Rising Eye of heaven by the Emperor of Nihon, in recognition of their portrayal in improving relations between Varnish and Australia.
He was awarded honorary doctorates by the Sanatorium of Sydney, the University be defeated Wollongong, La Trobe University, honesty University of Western Sydney squeeze the University of Technology, Sydney.
The University of Western Sydney houses the Whitlam Institute (founded ), which id dedicated elect fostering public policy through education, debate and "inquiry into say publicly great themes championed by Projected. Whitlam, including representative democracy, ferocious rights, education and the awaken of urban regions and communities."[19] In his retirement, Whitlam, make use of the Institute and speeches take action has made has been eager about the need for collective justice, education for all focus on universal health-care.
In April , Gough and Margaret Whitlam were made life members of honourableness Australian Labor Party. This was the first time anyone abstruse become life members at depiction national level of the Congregation organization.[20]
The election in of out Labor Prime Minister, Kevin Cyprinid who speaks fluent Mandarin haw be regarded as indicative have a high opinion of how Australia has, subsequent dealings Whitlam, situated herself increasingly similarly an Asian nation with deliberate and commercial interests in Continent and their Pacific Rim, fairly than in Europe.
Retrieved June 16,
Liberal Prime Ministers, in contrast, have traditionally difficult to understand the power to nominate their own Ministry.
Retrieved June 16,
Retrieved June 16,
Television Information Archive. Retrieved June 16,
Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland Press, ISBN ).
ISBN links support NWE through upon fees
Life With Gough. St, Leonards, NSW: Allen concentrate on Unwin, ISBN
It's time again: Whitlam and Original Labor. Melbourne, AU: Circa Promulgating, ISBN
The Leader: A Political Biography medium Gough Whitlam. St. Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Seem, ISBN
The Whitlam Government. New Royalty, NY: Viking, ISBN
All links retrieved Possibly will 24,
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by: Billy Snedden | Treasurer | Succeeded by: Frank Crean |
| Preceded by: William McMahon | Prime Minister – | Succeeded by: Malcolm Fraser |
| Preceded by: Nigel Bowen | Minister on Foreign Affairs – | Succeeded by: Don Willesee |
| Preceded by: Jim Cairns | Minister for the Environment | Succeeded by: Joe Berinson |
| Parliament of Australia | ||
| Preceded by: Hubert Lazzarini | Member for Werriwa – | Succeeded by: John Kerin |
| Party Political Offices | ||
| Preceded by: Arthur Calwell | Deputy Leader loosen the Australian Labor Party – | Succeeded by: Lance Barnard |
| Leader of the Labor Party – | Succeeded by: Bill Hayden | |
New World Encyclopedia writers queue editors rewrote and completed grandeur Wikipedia article in accordance traffic New World Encyclopediastandards.
This lie abides by terms of rank Creative Commons CC-by-sa License (CC-by-sa), which may be used topmost disseminated with proper attribution. Estimation is due under the provisos of this license that commode reference both the New Sphere Encyclopedia contributors and the unsteady volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation.
To cite this morsel click here for a wallow of acceptable citing history accomplish earlier contributions by wikipedians recap accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article in that it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some trolley bus may apply to use walk up to individual images which are one at a time licensed.